Fibroids: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Options for Women
Feb 17, 2026
Uterine fibroids are one of the most common gynecologic conditions affecting women during their reproductive years. While many fibroids cause no symptoms, others can lead to heavy periods, pelvic pain, and fertility concerns.
If you’ve been diagnosed with fibroids—or suspect you may have them—understanding the causes and treatment options can help you make informed decisions about your health.
At Burlington OB-GYN, we provide personalized fibroid evaluation and advanced treatment options to help women find relief safely and effectively.
What Are Uterine Fibroids?
Uterine fibroids (also called leiomyomas) are noncancerous growths that develop in or around the uterus. They are made of smooth muscle and connective tissue and can vary greatly in size—from tiny seedlings to large masses that expand the uterus.
Fibroids can develop in different areas of the uterus:
- Intramural fibroids – Grow within the uterine wall
- Submucosal fibroids – Protrude into the uterine cavity
- Subserosal fibroids – Grow on the outer surface of the uterus
- Pedunculated fibroids – Attached by a stalk
Many women have fibroids without realizing it.
What Causes Fibroids?
The exact cause of fibroids is not fully understood, but several factors are known to contribute to their development.
1. Hormones (Estrogen and Progesterone)
Fibroids are hormone-sensitive. Estrogen and progesterone stimulate the growth of the uterine lining during each menstrual cycle and appear to promote fibroid growth as well.
Fibroids often:
- Grow during reproductive years
- Shrink after menopause when hormone levels decline
2. Genetics
If your mother or sister had fibroids, you may be at higher risk. Certain genetic changes within uterine muscle cells may also contribute.
3. Other Risk Factors
Several additional factors increase the likelihood of developing fibroids:
- Age (most common between 30–50)
- Family history
- Obesity
- Early onset of menstruation
- Vitamin D deficiency
While fibroids are extremely common, not all require treatment.
Common Symptoms of Fibroids
Many women with uterine fibroids experience no symptoms. However, when symptoms occur, they may include:
Heavy or Prolonged Menstrual Bleeding
One of the most common fibroid symptoms is heavy periods (menorrhagia), which may cause:
- Passing large blood clots
- Bleeding longer than 7 days
- Anemia due to blood loss
Pelvic Pressure or Pain
Larger fibroids may cause:
- Pelvic fullness
- Lower abdominal pressure
- Back pain
- Pain during intercourse
Frequent Urination
Fibroids pressing against the bladder may cause increased urinary frequency.
Constipation
Pressure on the rectum can lead to bowel changes.
Fertility or Pregnancy Complications
Submucosal fibroids in particular may interfere with implantation or increase miscarriage risk.
If you are experiencing heavy bleeding or pelvic pain, scheduling an evaluation with a Burlington OB-GYN is important.
How Are Fibroids Diagnosed?
Fibroids are often discovered during a routine pelvic exam. To confirm diagnosis, your OB-GYN may recommend:
- Pelvic ultrasound
- Transvaginal ultrasound
- MRI (in complex cases)
Early diagnosis helps determine the best treatment approach.
Fibroid Treatment Options
Fibroid treatment depends on:
- Size and location of fibroids
- Severity of symptoms
- Age and reproductive goals
- Overall health
At Burlington OBGYN Associates, we tailor treatment plans to each patient’s needs.
1. Watchful Waiting
If fibroids are small and do not cause symptoms, monitoring may be recommended.
2. Medications
Certain medications can help manage fibroid symptoms:
- Hormonal birth control (to regulate bleeding)
- Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists
- Tranexamic acid (to reduce heavy bleeding)
Medications do not eliminate fibroids permanently but may shrink them or control symptoms.
3. Minimally Invasive Procedures
For women seeking uterus-preserving options:
Uterine Artery Embolization (UAE)
Blocks blood supply to fibroids, causing them to shrink.
Radiofrequency Ablation
Uses heat to destroy fibroid tissue.
4. Myomectomy
A surgical procedure that removes fibroids while preserving the uterus. This is often recommended for women who wish to maintain fertility.
5. Hysterectomy
Complete removal of the uterus. This is a permanent solution and eliminates fibroids entirely. It may be recommended for severe symptoms when other treatments are not effective.